2014年雅思考试语法：定语从句 定语从句
Chapter Two-The Attributive Clause (Ver3.6)
一. 定语从句的概念
用一个主谓结构完整的句子作定语(定语的两种形式adj+n/n+定语从句)，修饰前面的名词，代词，短语，甚至是整个句子的从句。简单来说就是把从句放在某个单词/词组/句子后面来对其进行修饰。
二. 两个首先必须明确的概念： 先行词和关系词
Kung Fu Panda is the best cartoon movie (先行词) that/which (关系词) I have watched this year.
注意：先行词未必永远都是定语从句之前的那一个单词，有的时候先行词与定语从句之间插入了别的成份，这个时候就必须通过上下文意思来寻找先行词。
(阅读) There has been a significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce in Australia.
Q: Which group of people has seen a significant increase in number in Australia?
三. 定语从句的分类
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
限制性定语从句： England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicized Copernican ideas (哥白尼学说) with enthusiasm.
(剑桥5 Test2 Reading Passage3)
(阅读) One new keyboard included keys which produced letters which frequently occur together in English, like –ing and –th and –ed, so the word “thing” would take two strokes to write instead of five.
特点: (1). 从句对先行词起限制作用，说明先行词必须如此，不能超出这个限制。先行词往往属于“集合”而非“元素”,并且它所表示的内容往往与先行词关系密切，必不可少。少了它，句子往往就会成为一句废话。
(2). 关系词引导的定语从句和先行词之间绝对没有逗号隔开。
非限制性定语从句： Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as
the discovery of magnetism(磁力).
(阅读) It is very likely that the key board, which we have used for over a century, will soon be replaced by voice-activated computers which take dictation (听写) as we speak to them.
Tip: 在雅思阅读中，遇到__________________定语从句可以先忽略不看，先看句子的主干。
特点: (1). 非限制性定语从句往往是对先行词(一般为“元素”)作进一步的解释和补充说明。如果把非限制性定语从句从句子中去掉，整个句子的意思不会受到很大影响。
(2). 关系词引导的定语从句和先行词之间绝对有逗号隔开。
The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by __________ who lived in the area.
定语从句和先行词之间有没有逗号，会直接决定句子意思的不同。试比较以下两个句子意思的不同：
1. In terms of exceptions, scientists refer to the waves which are too small individually to consider.
2. In terms of exceptions, scientists refer to the waves, which are too small individually to consider.
(写作)不少人认为如今被人们广泛使用的电脑未来总有一天将会彻底取代电视机。
Quite a number of people believe that televisions will be replaced by computers___
注意：这个句子必须用____________________定语从句表示。由此看出在雅思写作和口语中描述事务的特性往往用它来表示。 |